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Effective pharmaceutical female sex-hormonal medications, including androgens, estrogens, and progestogens, first became available in the 1920s and 1930s. [361] One of the earliest reports of hormone therapy in transgender women was published by Danish endocrinologist Christian Hamburger in 1953. [362]
Sex reassignment surgery is usually preceded by beginning feminizing hormone therapy. Some surgeries can reduce the need for hormone therapy. [2] [3] [4] Gender-affirming surgeries for transgender women have taken place since the 16th century, though they became more notable in the 20th century. [5]
Gender nullification is the removal of all external genitalia except the urethral opening, typically pursued by people assigned male at birth. [10] [medical citation needed] Gender-affirming surgery can also refer to operations pursued by cisgender people, such as mammaplasty, penile implant, or testicular implants following orchiectomy. [11]
For some transgender women and non binary people, FFS is medically necessary to treat gender dysphoria. [3] [4] It can be just as important or even more important than genital forms of sex reassignment surgery (SRS) in reducing gender dysphoria and helping trans women integrate socially as women; data on these sorts of outcomes are limited by small study size and confounding variables like ...
Dora Rudolfine Richter [3] (16 April 1892 – 26 April 1966) was a German trans woman and the first known person to undergo complete male-to-female gender-affirming surgery. [4] She was one of a number of transgender people in the care of sex-research pioneer Magnus Hirschfeld at Berlin's Institute for Sexual Research during the 1920s and early ...
Genital modifications are forms of body modifications applied to the human sexual organs. [1] When there's cutting involved, genital cutting or surgery can be used. [1] The term genital enhancement seem to be generally used for genital modifications that modify the external aspect, the way the patient wants it. [1]
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Chromosomal sex is determined at the time of fertilization; a chromosome from the sperm cell, either X or Y, fuses with the X chromosome in the egg cell. Gonadal sex refers to the gonads, that is the testicles or ovaries, depending on which genes are expressed. Phenotypic sex refers to the structures of the external and internal genitalia. [6]