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A table of alchemical symbols from Basil Valentine's The Last Will and Testament, 1670 Alchemical symbols before Lavoisier Alchemical symbols were used to denote chemical elements and compounds, as well as alchemical apparatus and processes, until the 18th century.
These symbols are listed alphabetically in the tables below. The approved listings are compatible with the system used to symbolize the elements, 30 of which occur as minerals. [6] Mineral symbols are most commonly represented by three-lettered text symbols, although one-, two- and four-lettered symbols also exist.
Many more symbols were in at least sporadic use: one early 17th-century alchemical manuscript lists 22 symbols for mercury alone. [10] Planetary names and symbols for the metals – the seven planets and seven metals known since Classical times in Europe and the Mideast – was ubiquitous in alchemy.
From the Anglo-Saxon īsern which is derived from Proto-Germanic isarnan meaning "holy metal" or "strong metal". · Symbol Fe is from Latin ferrum, meaning "iron". Cobalt (Co) 27 Kobold: German "goblin" From German Kobold, which means "goblin". The metal was named by miners, because it was poisonous and troublesome (polluted and degraded by ...
The name of the metal was first documented in the 16th century, [40] [41] and is probably derived from the German zinke for the needle-like appearance of metallic crystals. [42] Alchemical symbol for the element zinc. The isolation of metallic zinc in the West may have been achieved independently by several people in the 17th century. [43]
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals (such as phosphorus) or metalloids (such as arsenic or silicon).
Calx – calcium oxide; was also used to refer to other metal oxides. Chalcanthum – the residue produced by strongly roasting blue vitriol (copper sulfate); it is composed mostly of cupric oxide. Chalk – a rock composed of porous biogenic calcium carbonate. CaCO 3; Chrome green – chromic oxide and cobalt oxide.
The word "chalcogen" is derived from a combination of the Greek word khalkos (χαλκός) principally meaning copper (the term was also used for bronze, brass, any metal in the poetic sense, ore and coin), [3] and the Latinized Greek word genēs, meaning born or produced. [4] [5]