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The government budget is both a product of government administration and political democratization. [7] The emergence of the capitalist mode of production and the high level of development of the commodity economy led to an expansion of the state's financial resources and a massive increase in both revenue and expenditure.
In economics, a federal budget is the major plan for a federal government's estimated future revenues and spending for the coming fiscal year. [1] The federal budget is representation of the financial plan for the goals and activities of the government which in turn reflects the debates surrounding the various economical principles and ideas.
A positive (+) number indicates that revenues exceeded expenditures (a budget surplus), while a negative (-) number indicates the reverse (a budget deficit). Normalizing the data, by dividing the budget balance by GDP, enables easy comparisons across countries and indicates whether a national government saves or borrows money.
A government's budget is a comprehensive financial plan that outlines its priorities and objectives for a given period. As a policy document, a government's budget is designed as a plan for implementing its policy. Traditionally, budgets served as a more rigid tool to implement policy in a retrospective setting.
Government spending or expenditure includes all government consumption, investment, and transfer payments. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In national income accounting , the acquisition by governments of goods and services for current use, to directly satisfy the individual or collective needs of the community, is classed as government final consumption expenditure .
The United States budget comprises the spending and revenues of the U.S. federal government. The budget is the financial representation of the priorities of the government, reflecting historical debates and competing economic philosophies. The government primarily spends on healthcare, retirement, and defense programs.
The GAO financial statements present data on an accrual basis, meaning as expenses are incurred rather than actual cash payments. [47] President Obama's 2010 budget proposal includes a total of $663.8 billion, including $533.8 billion for the DOD and $130 billion for overseas contingencies, primarily the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
This implies that fiscal policy is used to stabilise the economy over the course of the business cycle. [2] Changes in the level and composition of taxation and government spending can affect macroeconomic variables, including: aggregate demand and the level of economic activity; saving and investment; income distribution; allocation of resources.