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Interoceptive exposure is a cognitive behavioral therapy technique used in the treatment of panic disorder. [1] It refers to carrying out exercises that bring about the physical sensations of a panic attack, such as hyperventilation and high muscle tension, and in the process removing the patient's conditioned response that the physical sensations will cause an attack to happen.
During the 1980s and 1990s, cognitive and behavioral techniques were merged into cognitive behavioral therapy. Pivotal to this merging was the successful development of treatments for panic disorder by David M. Clark in the UK and David H. Barlow in the US. [33]
Panic disorder is usually treated with counselling and medications. [3] The type of counselling used is typically cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) which is effective in more than half of people. [3] [4] Medications used include antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and beta blockers. [1] [3] Following stopping treatment up to 30% of people have a ...
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CBT has similar effectiveness to pharmacotherapy and in a meta analysis, CBT was associated with medium to large benefit effect sizes for GAD, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder. [7] CBT has low dropout rates and its positive effects have been shown to be maintained at least for 12 months.
Agoraphobia without a history of panic disorder (also called primary agoraphobia) is an anxiety disorder where the individual with the diagnosis does not meet the DSM-5 criteria for panic disorder. Agoraphobia typically develops as a result of having panic disorder.
In CBT, as with most therapy, the patient plays a large role in determining the direction of the therapy, including the intensity and duration. [5] A CBTraining course, or program, is often broken up into a series of progressive, strategically ordered sessions designed to guide the participant through the process of training the brain away from ...
Panic disorder is strikingly different from other types of anxiety disorders in that panic attacks are often sudden and unprovoked. [31] However, panic attacks experienced by those with panic disorder may also be linked to or heightened by exposure to certain places or situations, making daily life difficult. [32]