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Purulent pericarditis refers to localized inflammation in the setting of infection of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart. [1] In contrast to other causes of pericarditis which may have a viral etiology, purulent pericarditis refers specifically to bacterial or fungal infection of the pericardial sac. [ 2 ]
A pericardial effusion with enough pressure to adversely affect heart function is called cardiac tamponade. [1] Pericardial effusions can cause cardiac tamponade in acute settings with fluid as little as 150mL. In chronic settings, however, fluid can accumulate anywhere up to 2L before an effusion causes cardiac tamponade.
Pericarditis may be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. In the developing world the bacterial disease tuberculosis is a common cause, whereas in the developed world viruses are believed to be the cause of about 85% of cases. [ 6 ]
The other 10–20% of acute pericarditis cases have various causes including connective tissue diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus), cancer, or involve an inflammatory reaction of the pericardium following trauma to the heart such as after a heart attack such as Dressler's syndrome. [2]
Cardiac tamponade, also known as pericardial tamponade (/ ˌ t æ m. p ə ˈ n eɪ d / [4]), is a compression of the heart due to pericardial effusion (the build-up of pericardial fluid in the sac around the heart). [2] Onset may be rapid or gradual. [2]
Pneumonia: Pneumonia arises from infections that cause inflammation and fluid accumulation in the alveoli of the lungs, with bacterial pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae being common culprits. Clinically, it manifests as fever, persistent cough, difficulty breathing, and pleuritic chest pain that worsens with deep breaths.
The cause of constrictive pericarditis in the developing world are idiopathic in origin, though likely infectious in nature. In regions where tuberculosis is common, it is the cause in a large portion of cases. [3] Causes of constrictive pericarditis include: Tuberculosis [4] Incomplete drainage of purulent pericarditis [4] Fungal and parasitic ...
Complications include pericarditis, pericardial effusion, pleuritis, pulmonary infiltration, and very rarely pericardial tamponade. Of these cardiac tamponade is the most life-threatening complication. The pericardial fluid increases intra-pericardial pressure therefore preventing complete expansion of the atria and the ventricles upon the ...