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A school of fish has many eyes that can scan for food or threats Pacific sardine school reacting to attention from yellowfin tuna These sometimes immense gatherings fuel the ocean food web . Most forage fish are pelagic fish , which means they form their schools in open water, and not on or near the bottom ( demersal fish ).
A school of bluefin trevally working a school of anchovies which may compact into a spherical bait ball if they are sufficiently threatened. A bait ball, or baitball, occurs when small fish swarm in a tightly packed spherical formation about a common centre. [1]
Anadromous – fish that live their adult lives in the ocean but migrate up fresh water rivers to spawn. Examples are Pacific salmon. Fish that migrate in the opposite direction are called catadromous. Anoxic sea water – sea water depleted of oxygen. See hypoxia. Anoxic sediments – sediments depleted of oxygen.
For example, the minimum length in Florida for schoolmaster snapper is 10 in (250 mm) total length with a catch limit of 10 per fisherman per day. However, the 10-fish limit is an aggregate for all species of snapper. [12] Light spinning and baitcasting tackle are used to fish for schoolmaster snapper.
A flock of auklets exhibit swarm behaviour. Swarm behaviour, or swarming, is a collective behaviour exhibited by entities, particularly animals, of similar size which aggregate together, perhaps milling about the same spot or perhaps moving en masse or migrating in some direction.
However, fish have an optokinetic reflex in their visual systems that can be sensitive to moving stripes. [118] For fish to school efficiently, they need feedback mechanisms that help them align themselves with adjacent fish, and match their speed. The stripes on neighbouring fish provide "schooling marks", which signal changes in relative ...
Fish farming or pisciculture involves commercial breeding of fish, most often for food, in fish tanks or artificial enclosures such as fish ponds. It is a particular type of aquaculture , which is the controlled cultivation and harvesting of aquatic animals such as fish, crustaceans , molluscs and so on, in natural or pseudo-natural environments.
Various means of storing information (i.e. weights of fish and school barycenter) Local computations (i.e. swimming is composed of distinct components) Low communications between neighboring individuals (i.e. fish are to think local but also be socially aware) Minimum centralized control (mainly for self-controlling of the school radius)