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According to the table above, the weight concentration of heavy isotopologues in natural water can reach 2.97 g/kg, which is mostly due to 1 H 2 18 O, i.e. water with light hydrogen and heavy oxygen. Also, there are ~300 mg of deuterium-containing isotopologues per liter of water.
Deuterium (hydrogen-2, symbol 2 H or D, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen; the other is protium, or hydrogen-1, 1 H. The deuterium nucleus ( deuteron ) contains one proton and one neutron , whereas the far more common 1 H has no neutrons.
2 O)—but is rarely called heavy water, since it does not contain the excess deuterium that gives D 2 O its unusual nuclear and biological properties. It is more expensive than D 2 O due to the more difficult separation of 17 O and 18 O. [ 10 ] H 2 18 O is also used for production of fluorine-18 in radiopharmaceuticals and radiotracers , and ...
Hanks' salts is a collective group of salts rich in bicarbonate ions, formulated in 1940 by the microbiologist John H. Hanks. [1] Typically, they are used as a buffer system in cell culture media and aid in maintaining the optimum physiological pH (roughly 7.0–7.4) for cellular growth.
BSS (ophthalmic irrigation solution) (produced by Alcon) . Composition per 1 mL: sodium chloride (NaCl) 6.4 mg, potassium chloride (KCl) 0.75 mg, calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O) 0.48 mg, magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2 •6H 2 O) 0.3 mg, sodium acetate trihydrate (C 2 H 3 NaO 2 ·3H 2 O) 3.9 mg, sodium citrate dihydrate (C 6 H 5 Na 3 O 7 ·2H 2 O) 1.7 mg, sodium hydroxide ...
The normal form is a dimer (2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxane-2,5-diol). The dimer slowly dissolves in water, [3] whereupon it converts to the monomer. These solutions are stable at pH's between 4 and 6. In more basic solution, it degrades to brown product. [4] This skin browning effect is attributed to a Maillard reaction.
For example, Enterobacter species can biodegrade municipal solid waste—where the DBP concentration can be observed at 1500 ppm—with a half-life of 2–3 hours. In contrast, the same species can break down 100% of dimethyl phthalate after a span of six days. [ 6 ]
Because it contains free iodine, Lugol's solution at 2% or 5% concentration without dilution is irritating and destructive to mucosa, such as the lining of the esophagus and stomach. Doses of 10 mL of undiluted 5% solution have been reported to cause gastric lesions when used in endoscopy. [ 20 ]