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The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
In 1973, the scale was introduced to the general public, [5] and saw widespread use after Neil Frank replaced Simpson at the helm of the NHC in 1974. [6] The scale was created by Herbert Saffir, a structural engineer, who in 1969 was commissioned by the United Nations to study low-cost housing in hurricane-prone areas. [7]
The Mohs scale is an ordinal scale. For example, corundum (9) is twice as hard as topaz (8), but diamond (10) is four times as hard as corundum. [ citation needed ] The table below shows the comparison with the absolute hardness measured by a sclerometer , with images of the reference minerals in the rightmost column.
In a 1997 study, [49] exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of a thirteen-item scale showed there were two particularly important levels of needs in the US during the peacetime of 1993 to 1994: survival (physiological and safety) and psychological (love, self-esteem, and self-actualization). In 1991, a retrospective peacetime measure was ...
Task 1: test takers describe a graph, table, chart, map, process, pie chart or diagram in their own words. Task 2: test takers discuss a point of view, argument, or problem. Depending on the task, test takers may be required to present a solution to a problem, present and justify an opinion, compare and contrast evidence, opinions and ...
Some SI units of volume to scale and approximate corresponding mass of water. A litre is a cubic decimetre, which is the volume of a cube 10 centimetres × 10 centimetres × 10 centimetres (1 L ≡ 1 dm 3 ≡ 1000 cm 3). Hence 1 L ≡ 0.001 m 3 ≡ 1000 cm 3; and 1 m 3 (i.e. a cubic metre, which is the SI unit for volume) is exactly 1000 L.
The CEFR's 54 descriptor scales had been reduced to a single scale, i.e. the "Global Scale". This misunderstanding is documented by the use of a six-step staircase to illustrate the competence model suggested by the CEFR. In the CEFR-CV, the descriptor scales are intended to describe context-specific, differentiated competence profiles.