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Geospatial topology is the study and application of qualitative spatial relationships between geographic features, or between representations of such features in geographic information, such as in geographic information systems (GIS). [1]
The Dimensionally Extended 9-Intersection Model (DE-9IM) is a topological model and a standard used to describe the spatial relations of two regions (two geometries in two-dimensions, R 2), in geometry, point-set topology, geospatial topology, and fields related to computer spatial analysis.
[1] [2] It is also called geospatial data and information, [citation needed] georeferenced data and information, [citation needed] as well as geodata and geoinformation. [ citation needed ] Location information (known by the many names mentioned here) is stored in a geographic information system (GIS).
Because the world is much more complex than can be represented in a computer, all geospatial data are incomplete approximations of the world. [9] Thus, most geospatial data models encode some form of strategy for collecting a finite sample of an often infinite domain, and a structure to organize the sample in such a way as to enable interpolation of the nature of the unsampled portion.
The shapefile format is a geospatial vector data format for geographic information system (GIS) software.It is developed and regulated by Esri as a mostly open specification for data interoperability among Esri and other GIS software products. [1]
The following aspects are some of the characteristics to examine a spatial network: [1] Planar networks; In many applications, such as railways, roads, and other transportation networks, the network is assumed to be planar. Planar networks build up an important group out of the spatial networks, but not all spatial networks are planar.
SOSI is short for Samordnet Opplegg for Stedfestet Informasjon (literally "Coordinated Approach for Spatial Information", but more commonly expanded in English to Systematic Organization of Spatial Information). The standard includes standardized definitions for geometry and topology, data quality, coordinate systems, attributes and metadata. [1]
Geospatial metadata; Geospatial topology; Geotagged photograph; Geoweb; Global Human Settlement Layer; Global Map; Ground control point; J. Journal of Photogrammetry ...