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[1] [4] Once conditions become more favorable for growth, the akinete can then germinate back into a vegetative cell. [5] Increased light intensity, nutrients availability, oxygen availability, and changes in salinity are important triggers for germination. [5] In comparison to vegetative cells, akinetes are generally larger.
PatA patterns the heterocysts along the filaments, and it is also important for cell division. PatS influences the heterocyst patterning by inhibiting heterocyst differentiation when a group of differentiating cells come together to form a pro- heterocyst (immature heterocyst). [5] Heterocyst maintenance is dependent on an enzyme called hetN.
Over the winter Gloeotrichia forms dormant cells called akinetes that germinate and begin to form colonies when temperatures begin to increase. [7] As these cells grow, they uptake nutrients like P. However, they generally uptake more nutrients than they need and store it for later use for when they migrate to the nutrient deplete epilimnion.
In harsh conditions, A. circinalis form spore-like cells called akinetes. Akinetes are resistant to low temperature, desiccation, and darkness. Often, akinetes will hibernate in sediment until environmental conditions allow germination and re-growth. [5]
Their cell size varies from less than 1 μm in diameter (picocyanobacteria) up to 100 μm (some tropical forms in the genus Oscillatoria) [39] [40] [41] Filamentous forms exhibit functional cell differentiation such as heterocysts (for nitrogen fixation), akinetes (resting stage cells), and hormogonia (reproductive, motile filaments). These ...
These akinetes can persist in sediment for long periods of time, and are able to germinate once water temperatures rise to the appropriate level. [2] The bacteria prefers temperatures ranging from 25–30 °C, light intensity of 80–121 μmol m-2 s-1, and a max salinity concentration of 4 g L-1 NaCl. The levels of the bacteria typically stay ...
The cells are approximately 5 um in diameter, and are motile through gliding. This species produces two differentiated cells, heterocysts, and akinetes. [1] [2] [3]
The cells within Cladophora have multiple pyrenoids, are large and multiple nucleated and have many parietal round chloroplasts, which usually join into a net-like reticular formation. [ citation needed ] Thick walls called akinetes are made out of vegetative cells in times of short photoperiods , low temperatures or nutrient unavailability.