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Funeral monument of a Roman midwife. In ancient Rome, childbirth was the aim of a Roman marriage. Procreation was the prime duty and expectation of a woman. [1] Childbirth also brought upon high risk to both the mother and child due to a greater chance of complications, which included infection, uterine hemorrhage, and the young age of the mothers.
In ancient Rome, family was important to create new citizens and widen political dimensions. [2] The newborn Roman these votives represent had faced an uphill battle to make it through to this milestone. It is common in Roman antiquity for women to experience high infertility and mortality (1 in 50). [3]
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The Selection of Children in Sparta, Jean-Pierre Saint-Ours, small version of 1785, Neue Pinakothek, Munich.. In ancient times, exposition (from the Latin expositus, "exposed") was a method of infanticide or child abandonment in which infants were left in a wild place either to die due to hypothermia, starvation, animal attack [1] [2] or to be collected by slavers or by those unable to produce ...
Life expectancy at birth in the Roman Empire is estimated at about 22–33 years. [8] [notes 1] For the two-thirds to three-quarters of the population surviving the first year of life, [9] life expectancy at age 1 is estimated at around 34–41 remaining years (i.e. expected to live to age 35–42), while for the 55–65% surviving to age 5, life expectancy was around 40–45. [10]
Ancient Roman birth certificates were introduced in 4 AD due to the lex Aelia Sentia and the lex Papia Poppaea, which were pieces of legislation passed by Emperor Augustus. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Within 30 days of a child's birth their parents, grandparents, or a representative of the family would legally declare their birth at the Temple of Saturn . [ 6 ]
Nursing infants among images of divinities, plant life, flowing water, and animals promoting fecundity on the Ara Pacis (1st century BC), contemporary with the ius liberorum of Augustus The jus trium liberorum (Latin, "the right of three children"; also spelled ius ), [ 1 ] was a privilege awarded to Roman citizens who had produced at least ...
Egeria, the nymph, received sacrifices from pregnant women in order to bring out (egerere) the baby. [50] Postverta and Prosa avert breech birth. [51] Diespiter (Jupiter) brings the baby toward the daylight. [52] Lucina introduces the baby to the light (lux, lucis). [53] Vagitanus or Vaticanus opens the newborn's mouth for its first cry. [54]