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Ralph W. Tyler introduced the idea of "backward design" (without using this particular term) in 1949 when referring to a statement of objectives.A statement of objectives is used to indicate the kinds of changes in the student to be brought about so that instructional activities can be planned and developed in a way likely to attain these objectives.
Learning goals - A teacher-developed description of what the student will know and be able to do at the end of a course based upon an overarching idea for the academic or elective discipline. A teacher will know that they have an effective learning goal when the knowledge or skill can be applied to life outside the classroom.
The taxonomy divides learning objectives into three broad domains: cognitive (knowledge-based), affective (emotion-based), and psychomotor (action-based), each with a hierarchy of skills and abilities. These domains are used by educators to structure curricula, assessments, and teaching methods to foster different types of learning.
A learning object is "a collection of content items, practice items, and assessment items that are combined based on a single learning objective". [1] The term is credited to Wayne Hodgins, and dates from a working group in 1994 bearing the name. [ 2 ]
The original version of Bloom's taxonomy (published in 1956) defined a cognitive domain in terms of six objectives.. B. F. Skinner's 1954 article "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching" suggested that effective instructional materials, called programmed instructional materials, should include small steps, frequent questions, and immediate feedback; and should allow self-pacing. [9]
Learning outcomes are then aligned to educational assessments, with the teaching and learning activities linking the two, a structure known as constructive alignment. [4] Writing good learning outcomes can also make use of the SMART criteria. Types of learning outcomes taxonomy include: Bloom's taxonomy; Structure of observed learning outcome ...
Explicit instruction is another cornerstone of sheltered instruction, with teachers clearly articulating learning objectives, providing step-by-step explanations, and offering multiple examples to reinforce understanding. Graphic organizers serve as valuable tools for organizing information visually, helping students grasp complex concepts more ...
Happiness Curriculum is an educational program for children studying in nursery to grade eight in schools run by the Government of Delhi since July 2018. The objective is to improve the mental well-being of pupils, and it teaches mindfulness, social-emotional learning, critical thinking, problem solving, and relationship building.