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Edward IV (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470, [1] [2] then again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was a central figure in the Wars of the Roses , a series of civil wars in England fought between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions between 1455 and 1487.
The House of Lancaster, associated with a red rose was led by Henry VI, and the House of York, whose symbol was a white rose, was led by Edward IV. Each King reigned for two periods between 1422 and 1483 as follows: 31 August 1422 – 4 March 1461 Henry VI 4 March 1461 – 3 October 1470 Edward IV 3 October 1470 – 11 April 1471 Henry VI
He governed northern England during Edward's reign, and played a role in the invasion of Scotland in 1482. When Edward IV died in April 1483, Richard was named Lord Protector of the realm for Edward's eldest son and successor, the 12-year-old Edward V. Arrangements were made for Edward V's coronation on 22 June 1483.
(second reign) 3 October 1470 – 11 April 1471 191 days (6 months, 9 days) Restored after Edward IV's flight during the 1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion: Deposed by Edward IV after recapturing London and probably assassinated Dafydd ap Gruffudd Prince of Gwynedd and Wales: 11 December 1282 – 22 June 1283 193 days (6 months, 11 days)
For centuries, English official public documents have been dated according to the regnal years of the ruling monarch.Traditionally, parliamentary statutes are referenced by regnal year, e.g. the Occasional Conformity Act 1711 is officially referenced as "10 Ann. c. 6" (read as "the sixth chapter of the statute of the parliamentary session that sat in the 10th year of the reign of Queen Anne").
Her total reign lasted 12 years and 147 days. Although Anne's great-grandfather, James VI and I ( r. 1603–1625 ), the monarch of the Union of the Crowns , proclaimed himself "King of Great Britain", and used it on coinage, stamps and elsewhere, the Parliament of England had refused to use that style in statutory law or address.
This house descended from Edward III's third surviving son, John of Gaunt. Henry IV seized power from Richard II (and also displaced the next in line to the throne, Edmund Mortimer (then aged 7), a descendant of Edward III's second son, Lionel of Antwerp).
Despite the short duration of Henry VI's second reign, pennies were produced in similar style to the first reign at London, Bristol, and York. Edward IV's second reign pennies are basically continuations of his first reign, produced at the same mints. By this time all reigns used mintmarks on their coins to identify the moneyers.