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In building wiring, multiway switching is the interconnection of two or more electrical switches to control an electrical load from more than one location.A common application is in lighting, where it allows the control of lamps from multiple locations, for example in a hallway, stairwell, or large room.
The switches are measured by how many stages, and how many up/down sorters and crosspoints they have. Switches often have buffers built-in for faster switching. A typical switch may have: A 2×2 and 4×4 down sorter [definition needed] Followed by an 8×8 up sorter [definition needed] Followed by a 2×2 crosspoint banyan switch network
For example, an 8×8 Beneš network (i.e. with N = 8) is shown below; it has 2 log 2 8 − 1 = 5 stages, each containing N/2 = 4 2×2 crossbar switches, and it uses a total of N log 2 N − N/2 = 20 2×2 crossbar switches. The central three stages consist of two smaller 4×4 Beneš networks, while in the center stage, each 2×2 crossbar switch ...
At the time, the methods employed to design logic circuits (for example, contemporary Konrad Zuse's Z1) were ad hoc in nature and lacked the theoretical discipline that Shannon's paper supplied to later projects. Shannon's work also differered significantly in its approach and theoretical framework compared to the work of Akira Nakashima.
Using actual wires to circuit switch a telephone call became obsolete when the crossbar switch (a mechanical system) was replaced by 4ESS electronic switches in the 1970s by the Bell System in the US. The old telephone hybrids of yore have been replaced by inexpensive IC chip-based components that perform the same functions at greatly reduced cost.
Figure 1: Example two-port network with symbol definitions. Notice the port condition is satisfied: the same current flows into each port as leaves that port.. In electronics, a two-port network (a kind of four-terminal network or quadripole) is an electrical network (i.e. a circuit) or device with two pairs of terminals to connect to external circuits.
In control theory, a bang–bang controller (hysteresis, 2 step or on–off controller), is a feedback controller that switches abruptly between two states. These controllers may be realized in terms of any element that provides hysteresis. They are often used to control a plant that accepts a binary input, for example a furnace that is either ...
Switching circuit theory is the mathematical study of the properties of networks of idealized switches. Such networks may be strictly combinational logic, in which their output state is only a function of the present state of their inputs; or may also contain sequential elements, where the present state depends on the present state and past states; in that sense, sequential circuits are said ...