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An Activin receptor is a receptor which binds activin. These proteins are receptor-type kinases of Ser/Thr type, which have a single transmembrane domain and a specific hydrophilic Cys-rich ligand-binding domain. [1] [2] [3] Types include: Activin type 1 receptors; Activin type 2 receptors
There are three type I Activin receptors: ACVR1, ACVR1B, and ACVR1C. Each bind to a specific type II receptor-ligand complex. Each bind to a specific type II receptor-ligand complex. Despite the large amount of processes that these ligands regulate, they all operate through essentially the same pathway : A ligand binds to a Type two receptor ...
The activin type 2 receptors belong to a larger TGF-beta receptor family and modulate signals for transforming growth factor beta ligands. These receptors are involved in a host of physiological processes including, growth , cell differentiation , homeostasis , osteogenesis , apoptosis and many other functions.
Activin β A and β B are identical to the two beta subunits of inhibin. A fifth subunit, activin β D, has been described in Xenopus laevis. Two activin β A subunits give rise to activin A, one β A, and one β B subunit gives rise to activin AB, and so on. Various, but not all theoretically possible, heterodimers have been described.
Activin A receptor, type I (ACVR1) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ACVR1 gene; it is also known as ALK-2 (activin receptor-like kinase-2). [5] ACVR1 has been linked to the 2q23-24 region of the genome. [ 6 ]
The activin A receptor also known as ACVR1C or ALK-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR1C gene. [5] ACVR1C is a type I receptor for the TGFB family of signaling molecules. [5] ACVR1C transduces signals of Nodal. Nodal binds to ACVR2B and then forms a complex with ACVR1C. These go on to recruit the R-SMADs SMAD2 or SMAD3. [6]
Activin receptor type-1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR1B gene. [5] [6] ACVR1B or ALK-4 acts as a transducer of activin or activin-like ligands (e.g., inhibin) signals. Activin binds to either ACVR2A or ACVR2B and then forms a complex with ACVR1B. These go on to recruit the R-SMADs SMAD2 or SMAD3. [7]
Activins signal through a heteromeric complex of receptor serine kinases which include at least two type I (I and IB) and two type II (II and IIB) receptors. These receptors are all transmembrane proteins, composed of a ligand-binding extracellular domain with cysteine -rich region, a transmembrane domain , and a cytoplasmic domain with ...