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Each Veda has four subdivisions – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (texts discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge). Samhita: 1500-800 BCE [1] Shakhas
The Ancient Near East: A History. 2nd ed. Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1997. ISBN 0-15-503819-2. Pittman, Holly (1984). Art of the Bronze Age: Southeastern Iran, Western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870993657. Sasson, Jack. The Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York, 1995.
The Indian subcontinent. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient India: . Ancient India is the Indian subcontinent from prehistoric times to the start of Medieval India, which is typically dated (when the term is still used) to the end of the Gupta Empire around 500 CE. [1]
In modern times, most ancient texts have been translated into other Indian languages and some in non-Indian languages. [1] Prior to the start of the common era, the Hindu texts were composed orally, then memorized and transmitted orally, from one generation to the next, for more than a millennium before they were written down into manuscripts.
Hindu scriptures are traditionally classified into two parts: śruti, meaning "what has been heard" (originally transmitted orally) and Smriti, meaning "what has been retained or remembered" (originally written, and attributed to individual authors).
At least as far back as the reign of Thutmose I, Egypt took a strong interest in the ancient Near East. At times they occupied portions of the region, a favor returned later by the Assyrians. Some key synchronisms: Battle of Kadesh, involving Ramses II of Egypt ("Year 5 III Shemu day 9") and Muwatalli II of the Hittite empire.
The Epic-Puranic chronology is a timeline of Hindu mythology based on the Itihasa (the Sanskrit Epics, that is, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana) and the Puranas.These texts have an authoritative status in Indian tradition, and narrate cosmogeny, royal chronologies, myths and legendary events.
The ancient Near East refers to early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the present-day Middle East, in Western Asia. It includes the periods during the Bronze Age and the Iron Age (roughly 3000 BCE to 330 BCE). Dates before (ca.) 3000 BCE and after 330 BCE are not usually included in the term "ancient Near East":