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Dental age 3 begins when stage 2 ended and ends with all the permanent central, lateral incisors and first permanent molar are in occlusion. Dental age 4 begins when stage 3 ended and ends with the eruption of any permanent canines or premolar. Dental age 5 begins when stage 4 ended and ends with all permanent canines and premolar are in occlusion.
Universal numbering system. This is a dental practitioner view, so tooth number 1, the rear upper tooth on the patient's right, appears on the left of the chart. The Universal Numbering System, sometimes called the "American System", is a dental notation system commonly used in the United States. [1] [2]
Malocclusion is often treated with orthodontics, [42] such as tooth extraction, clear aligners, or dental braces, [44] followed by growth modification in children or jaw surgery (orthognathic surgery) in adults. Surgical intervention is used only in rare occasions.
Dental braces, with a transparent power chain, removed after completion of treatment. Modern orthodontics makes frequent use of nickel-titanium archwires and temperature-sensitive materials. When cold, the archwire is limp and flexible, easily threaded between brackets of any configuration.
Bolton Analysis is a tooth analysis developed by Wayne A. Bolton to determine the discrepancy between size of maxillary and mandibular teeth. This analysis helps to determine the optimum interarch relationship.
A palatal expander is a device in the field of orthodontics which is used to widen the upper jaw [1] so that the bottom and upper teeth will fit together better. [2] [3] This is a common orthodontic procedure. The use of an expander is most common in children and adolescents 8–18 years of age.
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Clear aligners are orthodontic devices that are a transparent, plastic form of dental braces used to adjust teeth. [1] Clear aligners have undergone changes, making assessment of effectiveness difficult. [2] A 2014 systematic review concluded that published studies were of insufficient quality to determine effectiveness. [3]