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Charge-exchange ionization (also called charge-transfer ionization) is a gas phase reaction between an ion and a neutral species A + + B → A + B + {\displaystyle A^{+}+B\to A+B^{+}} in which the charge of the ion is transferred to the neutral.
Charge-exchange spectroscopy (abbreviated CES or CXS) is a technique commonly used in plasma diagnostics to analyze high-temperature controlled fusion plasmas. In fusion plasmas, the light elements tend to become fully ionized during operation, which makes it challenging to diagnose their properties using conventional optical diagnostics.
The chemical ionization process generally imparts less energy to an analyte molecule than does electron impact (EI) ionization, resulting in less fragmentation [2] and usually a simpler spectrum. The amount of fragmentation, and therefore the amount of structural information produced by the process can be controlled to some degree by selection ...
A certain amount of energy, which may be large enough, is required to remove an electron from an atom or a molecule in its ground state. [12] [13] In chemi-ionization processes, the energy consumed by the ionization must be stored in atoms or molecules in a form of potencial energy or can be obtained from an accompanying exothermic chemical change (for example, from a formation of a new ...
For example, [Ti(H 2 O) 6] 4+ is unknown: the hydrolyzed species [Ti(OH) 2 (H 2 O) n] 2+ is the principal species in dilute solutions. [11] With the higher oxidation states the effective electrical charge on the cation is further reduced by the formation of oxo-complexes.
Electron capture ionization (ECI) is the ionization of a gas phase atom or molecule by attachment of an electron to create an ion of the form A −•.The reaction is + where the M over the arrow denotes that to conserve energy and momentum a third body is required (the molecularity of the reaction is three).
Ion-exchange resin beads Ion-exchange column used for protein purification. Ion exchange is a reversible interchange of one species of ion present in an insoluble solid with another of like charge present in a solution surrounding the solid. Ion exchange is used in softening or demineralizing of water, purification of chemicals, and separation ...
where z is the electrical charge on the ion, I is the ionic strength, ε and b are interaction coefficients and m and c are concentrations. The summation extends over the other ions present in solution, which includes the ions produced by the background electrolyte. The first term in these expressions comes from Debye–Hückel theory.