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Amiodarone has both direct and indirect effects on thyroid function. The most notable indirect thyroid altering property is that the drug is approximately one-third iodine by weight. As a result, amiodarone therapy elevates free circulating iodine levels up to 40 times greater than the iodine intake from the average American diet. [2]
It can be given by mouth, intravenously, or intraosseously. [4] When used by mouth, it can take a few weeks for effects to begin. [4] [6] Common side effects include feeling tired, tremor, nausea, and constipation. [4] As amiodarone can have serious side effects, it is mainly recommended only for significant ventricular arrhythmias. [4]
However, unlike the Plummer and Wolff-Chaikoff effects, the Jod-Basedow effect does not occur in persons with normal thyroid glands, as thyroid hormone synthesis and release in normal persons is controlled by pituitary TSH secretion, which does not allow hyperthyroidism when extra iodine is ingested. [citation needed]
The Wolff–Chaikoff effect [1] is a presumed reduction in thyroid hormone levels caused by ingestion of a large amount of iodine. [ 2 ] It was discovered by Drs. Jan Wolff and Israel Lyon Chaikoff at the University of California, Berkeley : in 1948, they reported that injection of iodine in rats almost completely inhibited organification ...
Levothyroxine, a drug used to treat hypothyroidism, can lead to reduced bone mass and density in older adults with normal thyroid levels, a small cohort study has shown.
Postpartum thyroiditis can recur in subsequent pregnancies. [2] [4] [5] Drug-induced thyroiditis can occur in individuals receiving certain therapies such as amiodarone, interferon-alpha, lithium, tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, and immunotherapies among other drugs. These individuals may develop subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis. [2] [3] [4] [5]
This can cause hypothyroidism by reducing the thyrotropic effects of TSH. They are found in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease and may be cause of fluctuation of thyroid function in the latter. During treatment of Graves' disease they may also become the predominant antibody, which can cause hypothyroidism. [2] [13]
The effects of excess thyroid hormone typically respond to the administration of a non-selective beta blocker, such as propranolol (as most of the symptoms are driven by increased levels of adrenaline and its effect on the β-adrenergic receptors). Subsequent attacks may be prevented by avoiding known precipitants, such as high salt or ...