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  2. Scribal abbreviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation

    It used symbols for whole words or word roots and grammatical modifier marks, and it could be used to write either whole passages in shorthand or only certain words. In medieval times, the symbols to represent words were widely used; and the initial symbols, as few as 140 according to some sources, were increased to 14,000 by the Carolingians ...

  3. Anglo-Saxon runes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes

    Anglo-Saxon runes or Anglo-Frisian runes are runes that were used by the Anglo-Saxons and Medieval Frisians (collectively called Anglo-Frisians) as an alphabet in their native writing system, recording both Old English and Old Frisian (Old English: rūna, ᚱᚢᚾᚪ, "rune").

  4. List of medieval abbreviations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medieval_abbreviations

    This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

  5. Tironian notes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tironian_notes

    Entering the Middle Ages, Tiro's shorthand was often used in combination with other abbreviations and the original symbols were expanded to 14,000 symbols during the Carolingian dynasty, but it fell out of favor as shorthand and was forgotten until interest was rekindled by Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, in the 12th century. [10]

  6. Medieval runes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_runes

    The medieval runes, or the futhork, was a Scandinavian runic alphabet that evolved from the Younger Futhark after the introduction of stung (or dotted) runes at the end of the Viking Age. These stung runes were regular runes with the addition of either a dot diacritic or bar diacritic to indicate that the rune stood for one of its secondary ...

  7. Rune - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune

    Inscriptions in medieval Scandinavian runes show a large number of variant rune forms, and some letters, such as s, c, and z often were used interchangeably. [48] [49] Medieval runes were in use until the 15th century. Of the total number of Norwegian runic inscriptions preserved today, most are medieval runes.

  8. Monastic sign languages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages

    Signs are well documented in medieval Benedictine monasteries of Western Europe, from Portugal to England. Antique texts present lists of words with accompanying signs, including instructions for sign production. Occasionally they also explain the rationale behind the sign. Signs are mostly nouns relating to monastic life. Foods, articles of ...

  9. Ampersand - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampersand

    This character is a survival of Tironian notes, a medieval shorthand system. This character is known as the Tironian Et in English, the agus in Irish, and the agusan in Scottish Gaelic. The logical conjunction symbol, ∧, is often pronounced "and," but is not related to the ampersand.