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Types of retinopathy caused by drug abuse include maculopathy, Saturday night retinopathy, and talc retinopathy. Common symptoms include temporary and permanent vision loss, blurred vision, and night blindness. Substances commonly associated with this condition include poppers, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, tobacco, and alcohol. [1]
Cocaine's mechanism of action in the human brain includes the inhibition of dopamine reuptake, [49] which accounts for cocaine's addictive properties, as dopamine is the critical neurotransmitter for reward. However, cocaine is more active in the dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area than the substantia nigra.
The pharmacodynamics of cocaine involve the complex relationships of neurotransmitters (inhibiting monoamine uptake in rats with ratios of about: serotonin:dopamine = 2:3, serotonin:norepinephrine = 2:5). [110] [15] The most extensively studied effect of cocaine on the central nervous system is the blockade of the dopamine transporter protein.
Amphetamines have an effect on norepinephrine levels similar to that of cocaine in that they both increase NE levels in the brain. [29] Amphetamine-like drugs are substrates for monoamine transporters , include NET, that cause a reversal in the direction of neurotransmitter transport.
How does pink cocaine affect someone? It can be hard to determine how the drug cocktail may affect someone after ingesting it. WebMD said this is due to several factors: the types of drugs mixed ...
Depending on its method of action, a psychoactive substance may block the receptors on the post-synaptic neuron , or block reuptake or affect neurotransmitter synthesis in the pre-synaptic neuron . Psychoactive drugs operate by temporarily affecting a person's neurochemistry , which in turn causes changes in a person's mood, cognition ...
Bipolar cells are so-named as they have a central body from which two sets of processes arise. They can synapse with either rods or cones (rod/cone mixed input BCs have been found in teleost fish but not mammals), and they also accept synapses from horizontal cells.
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