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Liquidated damages, also referred to as liquidated and ascertained damages (LADs), [1] are damages whose amount the parties designate during the formation of a contract [2] for the injured party to collect as compensation upon a specific breach (e.g., late performance). [3] This is most applicable where the damages are intangible.
Liquidated damages are an estimate of loss agreed to in the contract, so that the court avoids calculating compensatory damages and the parties have greater certainty. Liquidated damages clauses may serve either a compensatory or a punitive purpose and, when aimed at the latter, may be referred to as "penalty clauses".
Damages in the UK are the only [4] remedy available for breach of a warranty. [citation needed] Those damages can come in different forms such as an award of monetary damages, liquidation damages, specific performances, rescission, and restitution. [5] Damages are classified as being compensatory or punitive.
Outside the oil and gas context, "take or pay" contract terms are often rejected by courts as unenforceable penalties. Courts look at these as "liquidated damages" clauses that must be based on a reasonable approximation of the actual damage that a party would suffer due to the other party's breach.
There are six classifications of damages which are compensatory, consequential, punitive, incidental, nominal and liquidated damages. [14] The objectives to fulfil the remedies is to make the plaintiff or suffering party not to suffer, the law allows several damages or compensation to cover the losses by the injured party.
Liquidated damages; Liquidated damages refer to a predetermined amount of money that must be paid by the breaching party, and they are fixed numbers agreed upon by both parties during the formation of a contract. Courts enforcing a liquidated damages provision would consider the reasonableness of its amount, specifically if it approximates the ...
Penal damages are liquidated damages which exceed reasonable compensatory damages, making them invalid under common law.While liquidated damage clauses set a pre-agreed value on the expected loss to one party if the other party were to breach the contract, penal damages go further and seek to penalise the breaching party beyond the reasonable losses from the breach. [1]
liquidated damages, penalty General Finance Acceptance Ltd v Melrose [1988] 1 NZLR 465 is an often cited case regarding whether a contract term for calculating damages in the future are what is called liquidated damages (i.e. is a genuine pre estimate of damages), [ 1 ] [ 2 ] or is otherwise deemed a penalty clause , which the courts do not ...