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Pesticide application can artificially select for resistant pests. In this diagram, the first generation happens to have an insect with a heightened resistance to a pesticide (red) After pesticide application, its descendants represent a larger proportion of the population, because sensitive pests (white) have been selectively killed.
The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) was formed in 1984 and works as a specialist technical group of the industry association CropLife to be able to provide a coordinated industry response to prevent or delay the development of insecticide resistance in insect, mite and nematode pests. IRAC strives to facilitate communication and ...
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) classifies herbicides by their mode of action (MoA) to provide a uniform way for farmers and growers to identify the agents they use and better manage pesticide resistance around the world. [1] [2] It is run by CropLife International [3] in conjunction with the Weed Science Society of America ...
Pesticide resistance is increasing. Farmers in the US lost 7% of their crops to pests in the 1940s; over the 1980s and 1990s, the loss was 13%, even though more pesticides were being used. [102] Over 500 species of pests have evolved a resistance to a pesticide. [105] Other sources estimate the number to be around 1,000 species since 1945. [106]
BPUs accounted for 3% of the $ 18.4 billion world insecticide market in 2018. [3] Lufenuron, was the largest selling BPU in 2016, selling for $ 112 million. [4] BPUs are active against many types of insect pests, (e.g. lepidoptera coleoptera, diptera) in agriculture, [1] [5] as well as being used against termites and animal health pests such as ...
The evolution of resistance to first-generation drugs (e.g. chloroquine) and to insecticides exacerbated the situation. [7] [8] Resistance was largely fueled by unrestricted agricultural use. Resistance and the harm both to humans and the environment led many governments to curtail DDT use in vector control and agriculture. [13]
Such mutative resistance is characterized by the presence of kdr alleles in the insect's genome. Knockdown resistance, first identified and characterized in the house fly (Musca domestica) in the 1950s, remains a threat to the continued usefulness of pyrethroids in the control of many pest species. Research since 1990 has provided a wealth of ...
IPM is a safer pest control framework than reliance on the use of chemical pesticides, mitigating risks such as: insecticide-induced resurgence, pesticide resistance and (especially food) crop residues. [3] [4] [5] [6]