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  2. Radiation pressure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_pressure

    Solar radiation pressure strongly affects comet tails. Solar heating causes gases to be released from the comet nucleus, which also carry away dust grains. Radiation pressure and solar wind then drive the dust and gases away from the Sun's direction. The gases form a generally straight tail, while slower moving dust particles create a broader ...

  3. Linear energy transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_energy_transfer

    In dosimetry, linear energy transfer (LET) is the amount of energy that an ionizing particle transfers to the material traversed per unit distance. It describes the action of radiation into matter. It is identical to the retarding force acting on a charged ionizing particle travelling through the matter. [ 1 ]

  4. Schwarzschild's equation for radiative transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild's_equation...

    Schwarzschild's equation can not be used without first specifying the temperature, pressure, and composition of the medium through which radiation is traveling. When these parameters are first measured with a radiosonde, the observed spectrum of the downward flux of thermal infrared (DLR) agrees closely with calculations and varies dramatically ...

  5. Grey atmosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_atmosphere

    The grey atmosphere (or gray) is a useful set of approximations made for radiative transfer applications in studies of stellar atmospheres (atmospheres of stars) based on the simplified notion that the absorption coefficient of matter within a star's atmosphere is constant—that is, unchanging—for all frequencies of the star's incident radiation.

  6. Orders of magnitude (pressure) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(pressure)

    Pressure due to direct impact of a strong breeze (~28 mph or 45 km/h) [27] [28] [31] 120 Pa Pressure from the weight of a U.S. quarter lying flat [32] [33] 133 Pa 1 torr ≈ 1 mmHg [34] ±200 Pa ~140 dB: Threshold of pain pressure level for sound where prolonged exposure may lead to hearing loss [citation needed] ±300 Pa ±0.043 psi

  7. Stefan–Boltzmann law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan–Boltzmann_law

    As 2.57 4 = 43.5, it follows from the law that the temperature of the Sun is 2.57 times greater than the temperature of the lamella, so Stefan got a value of 5430 °C or 5700 K. This was the first sensible value for the temperature of the Sun. Before this, values ranging from as low as 1800 °C to as high as 13 000 000 °C [25] were

  8. Partition function (statistical mechanics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_function...

    Let p i denote the probability that the system S is in a particular microstate, i, with energy E i. According to the fundamental postulate of statistical mechanics (which states that all attainable microstates of a system are equally probable), the probability p i will be inversely proportional to the number of microstates of the total closed ...

  9. Radiative transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_transfer

    Radiative transfer (also called radiation transport) is the physical phenomenon of energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The propagation of radiation through a medium is affected by absorption , emission , and scattering processes.