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In patients taking drugs for cancer, the likelihood of MRONJ development varies from 0 - 12%. This again, varies with the type of cancer, although prostate cancer and multiple myeloma are reported to be at a higher risk. [8] In patients taking oral drugs for osteoporosis, the likelihood of MRONJ development varies from 0 - 0.2%. [7]
Cefazolin, also known as cefazoline and cephazolin, is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. [2] Specifically it is used to treat cellulitis , urinary tract infections , pneumonia , endocarditis , joint infection , and biliary tract infections . [ 2 ]
Pain; Pruritis (itching) [4] Swelling [5] Induration (hardening of the skin) [6] Discoloration [6] Severe reactions may result in cutaneous necrosis at the injection site, typically presenting in one of two forms: (1) those associated with intravenous infusion or (2) those related to intramuscular injection.
Zoledronic acid is used to prevent bone fractures in patients with cancers such as multiple myeloma and prostate cancer, as well as for treating osteoporosis. [10] It can also be used to treat hypercalcaemia of malignancy and can be helpful for treating pain from bone metastases. [11] It can be given at home rather than in hospital.
Pain managers should clearly explain to the patient the cause of the pain and the various treatment possibilities, and should consider, as well as drug therapy, directly modifying the underlying disease, raising the pain threshold, interrupting, destroying or stimulating pain pathways, and suggesting lifestyle modification. [27]
Intraosseous infusion (IO) is the process of injecting medication, fluids, or blood products directly into the bone marrow; [1] this provides a non-collapsible entry point into the systemic venous system. [2] The intraosseous infusion technique is used to provide fluids and medication when intravenous access is not
Currently, only four agents are licensed for intrathecal cancer chemotherapy: methotrexate, cytarabine, hydrocortisone, and thiotepa. [4] Administration of any vinca alkaloids, especially vincristine, via the intrathecal route is nearly always fatal. [5] [6] [7]
"Pain ladder", or analgesic ladder, was created by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a guideline for the use of drugs in the management of pain. Originally published in 1986 for the management of cancer pain , it is now widely used by medical professionals for the management of all types of pain .