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The following containers are defined in the current revision of the C++ standard: array, vector, list, forward_list, deque. Each of these containers implements different algorithms for data storage, which means that they have different speed guarantees for different operations: [1] array implements a compile-time non-resizable array.
In array languages, operations are generalized to apply to both scalars and arrays. Thus, a+b expresses the sum of two scalars if a and b are scalars, or the sum of two arrays if they are arrays. An array language simplifies programming but possibly at a cost known as the abstraction penalty.
It updates the nodes on the path from the updated leaf to the root (replacement selection). The removed element is the overall winner. Therefore, it has won each game on the path from the input array to the root. When selecting a new element from the input array, the element needs to compete against the previous losers on the path to the root.
Key uniqueness: in map and set each key must be unique. multimap and multiset do not have this restriction. Element composition: in map and multimap each element is composed from a key and a mapped value. In set and multiset each element is key; there are no mapped values. Element ordering: elements follow a strict weak ordering [1]
Join-pattern is defined by a set of pi-calculus channels x that supports two different operations, sending and receiving, we need two join calculus names to implement it: a channel name x for sending (a message), and a function name x for receiving a value (a request).
The strings over an alphabet, with the concatenation operation, form an associative algebraic structure with identity element the null string—a free monoid. Sets of strings with concatenation and alternation form a semiring, with concatenation (*) distributing over alternation (+); 0 is the empty set and 1 the set consisting of just the null ...
A bit array (also known as bitmask, [1] bit map, bit set, bit string, or bit vector) is an array data structure that compactly stores bits. It can be used to implement a simple set data structure . A bit array is effective at exploiting bit-level parallelism in hardware to perform operations quickly.
The std::string class is the standard representation for a text string since C++98. The class provides some typical string operations like comparison, concatenation, find and replace, and a function for obtaining substrings. An std::string can be constructed from a C-style string, and a C-style string can also be obtained from one. [7]