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Depending on the metabolic conditions, the attenuator either stops transcription at that point or allows read-through to the structural gene part of the mRNA and synthesis of the appropriate protein. Attenuation is a regulatory feature found throughout Archaea and Bacteria causing premature termination of transcription. [2]
Any step of gene expression may be modulated, from signaling to transcription to post-translational modification of a protein. The following is a list of stages where gene expression is regulated, where the most extensively utilized point is transcription initiation, the first stage in transcription: [citation needed]
Translation promotes transcription elongation and regulates transcription termination. Functional coupling between transcription and translation is caused by direct physical interactions between the ribosome and RNA polymerase ("expressome complex"), ribosome-dependent changes to nascent mRNA secondary structure which affect RNA polymerase activity (e.g. "attenuation"), and ribosome-dependent ...
The chlorophyll a/b-binding protein gene, otherwise known as the CAB gene, is one of the most thoroughly characterized clock-regulated genes in plants. [1] There are a variety of CAB proteins that are derived from this gene family. Studies on Arabidopsis plants have shed light on the mechanisms of biological clocks under the regulation of CAB ...
After being produced, the stability and distribution of the different transcripts is regulated (post-transcriptional regulation) by means of RNA binding protein (RBP) that control the various steps and rates controlling events such as alternative splicing, nuclear degradation (), processing, nuclear export (three alternative pathways), sequestration in P-bodies for storage or degradation and ...
Another protein important in Akt attenuation is Carboxy Terminal Modulator Protein (CTMP). CTMP binds to the regulatory domain of Akt, blocking its phosphorylation and activation. [1] When the pathway is activated by insulin, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) transcription is down-regulated, in a negative feedback loop via mTORC1 and S6K1 ...
Several cell function specific transcription factor proteins (in 2018 Lambert et al. indicated there were about 1,600 transcription factors in a human cell [41]) generally bind to specific motifs on an enhancer [22] and a small combination of these enhancer-bound transcription factors, when brought close to a promoter by a DNA loop, govern the ...
Proteins perform a number of critical functions as enzymes, structural proteins or hormones. Protein synthesis is a very similar process for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but there are some distinct differences. [1] Protein synthesis can be divided broadly into two phases: transcription and translation.