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Coal played an important role in industry in the 19th and 20th century. The predecessor of the European Union, the European Coal and Steel Community, was based on the trading of this commodity. [73] Coal continues to arrive on beaches around the world from both natural erosion of exposed coal seams and windswept spills from cargo ships.
Petroleum, or evidence of its immediate occurrence, can be found on the surface of the Earth. Oil seeps can be found near a fault zone, where the movement of Earth's crust can expose petroleum source rock, and thus the crude oil itself. [15] They can also be found on the ocean floor, and can be found using satellite imaging. [16]
Petroleum geology is the study of the origins, occurrence, movement, accumulation, and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels. It refers to the specific set of geological disciplines that are applied to the search for hydrocarbons ( oil exploration ).
Petroleum also makes up 40 percent of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only one percent of electricity generation. [53] Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important commodities.
Petroleum products are materials derived from crude oil as it is processed in oil refineries. Unlike petrochemicals, which are a collection of well-defined usually pure organic compounds, petroleum products are complex mixtures. [1] Most petroleum is converted into petroleum products, which include several classes of fuels. [2]
Photomicrograph made with a scanning electron microscope and back-scatter detector: cross section of fly ash particles. Fly ash, flue ash, coal ash, or pulverised fuel ash (in the UK)—plurale tantum: coal combustion residuals (CCRs)—is a coal combustion product that is composed of the particulates that are driven out of coal-fired boilers together with the flue gases.
The rank of coal is correlated with its geologic history, as described in Hilt's law. In the ASTM system, any coal with more than 69% fixed carbon is classified by its content of carbon and volatiles. Coal with less than 69% fixed carbon is classified by its heating value. Volatiles and carbon are on a dry mineral free base; heating value is ...
Synthesis gas ("syngas") is obtained from biomass/coal gasification is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The H 2:CO ratio is adjusted using the water-gas shift reaction. Coal-based FT plants produce varying amounts of CO 2, depending upon the energy source of the gasification process. However, most coal-based plants rely on the feed ...