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Epistemology is the philosophical study of knowledge and related concepts, such as justification. Also called theory of knowledge, [a] it examines the nature and types of knowledge. It further investigates the sources of knowledge, like perception, inference, and testimony, to understand how knowledge is created.
It is one of several competing views within epistemology, along with rationalism and skepticism. Empiricists argue that empiricism is a more reliable method of finding the truth than purely using logical reasoning , because humans have cognitive biases and limitations which lead to errors of judgement. [ 2 ]
Francis Bacon; Thomas Bayes; Pierre Bayle; George Berkeley; William Kingdon Clifford; René Descartes; John Dewey; James Frederick Ferrier; G.W.F. Hegel; Thomas Hobbes
The research emerged in part from William G. Perry's research on the cognitive intellectual development of male Harvard College students. [1] [4] Developmental theories of epistemic cognition in this model have been developed by Deanna Kuhn and others, with a focus on the sequential phases of development characterising changes in views of knowledge and knowing.
Piaget created the International Center for Genetic Epistemology in Geneva in 1955 while on the faculty of the University of Geneva, and directed the center until his death in 1980. [8] The number of collaborations that its founding made possible, and their impact, ultimately led to the Center being referred to in the scholarly literature as ...
Epistemology (aka theory of knowledge) – branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge. [1] The term was introduced into English by the Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier (1808–1864). [ 2 ]
Rationalism has a philosophical history dating from antiquity.The analytical nature of much of philosophical enquiry, the awareness of apparently a priori domains of knowledge such as mathematics, combined with the emphasis of obtaining knowledge through the use of rational faculties (commonly rejecting, for example, direct revelation) have made rationalist themes very prevalent in the history ...
The history of scientific method considers changes in the methodology of scientific inquiry, as distinct from the history of science itself. The development of rules for scientific reasoning has not been straightforward; scientific method has been the subject of intense and recurring debate throughout the history of science, and eminent natural philosophers and scientists have argued for the ...