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Generative pretraining (GP) was a long-established concept in machine learning applications. [16] [17] It was originally used as a form of semi-supervised learning, as the model is trained first on an unlabelled dataset (pretraining step) by learning to generate datapoints in the dataset, and then it is trained to classify a labelled dataset.
Generative Pre-trained Transformer 1 (GPT-1) was the first of OpenAI's large language models following Google's invention of the transformer architecture in 2017. [2] In June 2018, OpenAI released a paper entitled "Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training", [ 3 ] in which they introduced that initial model along with the ...
For example, training of the GPT-2 (i.e. a 1.5-billion-parameters model) in 2019 cost $50,000, while training of the PaLM (i.e. a 540-billion-parameters model) in 2022 cost $8 million, and Megatron-Turing NLG 530B (in 2021) cost around $11 million. [56] For Transformer-based LLM, training cost is much higher than inference cost.
For many years, sequence modelling and generation was done by using plain recurrent neural networks (RNNs). A well-cited early example was the Elman network (1990). In theory, the information from one token can propagate arbitrarily far down the sequence, but in practice the vanishing-gradient problem leaves the model's state at the end of a long sentence without precise, extractable ...
GPT-2 was pre-trained on a dataset of 8 million web pages. [2] It was partially released in February 2019, followed by full release of the 1.5-billion-parameter model on November 5, 2019. [3] [4] [5] GPT-2 was created as a "direct scale-up" of GPT-1 [6] with a ten-fold increase in both its parameter count and the size of its training dataset. [5]
AutoGPT is an open-source "AI agent" that, given a goal in natural language, will attempt to achieve it by breaking it into sub-tasks and using the Internet and other tools in an automatic loop. [1] It uses OpenAI's GPT-4 or GPT-3.5 APIs, [2] and is among the first examples of an application using GPT-4 to perform autonomous tasks. [3]
Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity (A.L.I.C.E.), a natural language processing chatterbot. [51] ChatGPT, a chatbot built on top of OpenAI's GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 family of large language models. [52] Claude, a family of large language models developed by Anthropic and launched in 2023. Claude LLMs achieved high coding scores in several ...
LangChain was launched in October 2022 as an open source project by Harrison Chase, while working at machine learning startup Robust Intelligence. The project quickly garnered popularity, [3] with improvements from hundreds of contributors on GitHub, trending discussions on Twitter, lively activity on the project's Discord server, many YouTube tutorials, and meetups in San Francisco and London.