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2. Water hammer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hammer

   The water hammer principle can be used to create a simple water pump called a hydraulic ram. Leaks can sometimes be detected using water hammer. Enclosed air pockets can be detected in pipelines. The water hammer from a liquid jet created by a collapsing microcavity is studied for potential applications noninvasive transdermal drug delivery. [33]

3. Hydraulic ram - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_ram

   These ratios assume 100% energy efficiency. Actual water delivered will be further reduced by the energy efficiency factor. In the above example, if the energy efficiency is 70%, the water delivered will be 70% of 20%, i.e. 14%. Assuming a 2-to-1 supply-head-to-delivery-head ratio and 70% efficiency, the delivered water would be 70% of 50%, i.e ...

4. Inch of water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch_of_water

   It is defined as the pressure exerted by a column of water of 1 inch in height at defined conditions. At a temperature of 4 °C (39.2 °F) pure water has its highest density (1000 kg/m 3). At that temperature and assuming the standard acceleration of gravity, 1 inAq is approximately 249.082 pascals (0.0361263 psi). [2]

5. Dual flush toilet - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_flush_toilet

   Based on the WaterSense averaging rule over two reduced flushes and one full flush, a dual-flush toilet with a full flush at the US legal maximum of 1.6 US gallons (6.1 L) must have a reduced flush of 1.12 US gallons (4.2 L) or less to meet the WaterSense standard of 1.28 US gallons (4.8 L) on average. [17]

6. Low-flush toilet - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-flush_toilet

   A low-flush toilet (or low-flow toilet or high-efficiency toilet) is a flush toilet that uses significantly less water than traditional high-flow toilets. Before the early 1990s in the United States, standard flush toilets typically required at least 3.5 gallons (13.2 litres) per flush and they used float valves that often leaked, increasing their total water use.

7. Ballcock - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballcock

   When the handle of a flush toilet with a tank (British, cistern) is turned, a discharge mechanism is activated by means of a rod or chain. The mechanism may be a flapper valve, which is designed to sink more slowly than the water - allowing the water to exit to the toilet bowl below, so that the tank may empty.