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Orthogonal ligand-protein pairs (also known as re-engineered ligand-receptor interfaces or re-engineered enzyme-substrate interactions) are a protein-ligand binding pair made to be independent of the original binding pair. This is done by taking a mutant protein (naturally occurring or selectively engineered), which is activated by a different ...
Orthogonal protection is a strategy allowing the specific deprotection of one protective group in a multiply-protected structure. For example, the amino acid tyrosine could be protected as a benzyl ester on the carboxyl group, a fluorenylmethylenoxy carbamate on the amine group, and a tert -butyl ether on the phenol group.
These combinations are chosen to satisfy two conditions. First, the total amount of s and p orbital contributions must be equivalent before and after hybridisation. Second, the hybrid orbitals must be orthogonal to each other. [27] [28] If two hybrid orbitals were not orthogonal, by definition they would have nonzero orbital overlap. Electrons ...
The line segments AB and CD are orthogonal to each other. In mathematics, orthogonality is the generalization of the geometric notion of perpendicularity.Whereas perpendicular is typically followed by to when relating two lines to one another (e.g., "line A is perpendicular to line B"), [1] orthogonal is commonly used without to (e.g., "orthogonal lines A and B").
Copper-free click chemistry is a bioorthogonal reaction first developed by Carolyn Bertozzi as an activated variant of an azide alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition, based on the work by Karl Barry Sharpless et al. Unlike CuAAC, Cu-free click chemistry has been modified to be bioorthogonal by eliminating a cytotoxic copper catalyst, allowing reaction ...
Following hit confirmation, several compound clusters will be chosen according to their characteristics in the previously defined tests. An Ideal compound cluster will contain members that possess: high affinity towards the target (less than 1 μM) selectivity versus other targets; significant efficacy in a cellular assay
An example is cyclopropane which, because of its planar geometry, has six fully eclipsed carbon and axial hydrogen bonds making the strain 116 kJ/mol (27.7 kcal/mol). [5] Strain can also be decreased when the carbon-carbon bond angles are close or at the preferred bond angle of 109.5°, meaning a ring having six tetrahedral carbons is typically ...
This definition can be formalized in Cartesian space by defining the dot product and specifying that two vectors in the plane are orthogonal if their dot product is zero. Similarly, the construction of the norm of a vector is motivated by a desire to extend the intuitive notion of the length of a vector to higher-dimensional spaces.