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Due to the anti-parallel nature of DNA, this means the 3' end of the template strand is upstream of the gene and the 5' end is downstream. Some genes on the same DNA molecule may be transcribed in opposite directions. This means the upstream and downstream areas of the molecule may change depending on which gene is used as the reference.
The 3 ′-end contains the anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequence, which binds upstream to the AUG start codon on the mRNA. The 3 ′-end of 16S RNA binds to the proteins S1 and S21 which are known to be involved in initiation of protein synthesis [5] Interacts with 23S, aiding in the binding of the two ribosomal subunits (50S and 30S)
An upstream open reading frame (uORF) is an open reading frame (ORF) within the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of an mRNA. uORFs can regulate eukaryotic gene expression. [1] [2] Translation of the uORF typically inhibits downstream expression of the primary ORF. However, in some genes such as yeast GCN4, translation of specific uORFs may ...
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a superfamily of cytokines that play a significant upstream role in regulating of morphogenesis, homeostasis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. [2] The significance of TGF-β is apparent with the human diseases that occur when TGF-β processes are disrupted, such as cancer, and skeletal ...
An upstream activating sequence or upstream activation sequence (UAS) is a cis-acting regulatory sequence found in yeast like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is distinct from the promoter and increases the expression of a neighbouring gene .
In addition to facilitating DNA repair, active ATR and ATM stalls cell cycle progression by promoting degradation of CDC25A, a phosphatase that removes inhibitory phosphate residues from CDKs. [12] Homologous recombination , an accurate process for repairing DNA double-strand breaks, is most active in S phase, declines in G2/M and is nearly ...
This region, in particular for the CAAT box, is located about 60–100 bases upstream (towards the 5' end), however no less than 27 base pairs away, from the initial transcription site or a eukaryote gene in which a complex of general transcription factors bind with RNA polymerase II prior to the initiation of transcription.
The 30S subunit is an integral part of mRNA translation.It binds three prokaryotic initiation factors: IF-1, IF-2, and IF-3. [3]A portion of the 30S subunit (the 16S rRNA) guides the initiating start codon (5′)-AUG-(3′) of mRNA into position by recognizing the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, a complementary binding site about 8 base pairs upstream from the start codon. [4]