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Consider, for example, the calculation of the vacuum expectation value of the electromagnetic field inside a metal cavity, such as, for example, a radar cavity or a microwave waveguide. In this case, the correct way to find the zero-point energy of the field is to sum the energies of the standing waves of the cavity.
The following is a list of notable unsolved problems grouped into broad areas of physics. [1]Some of the major unsolved problems in physics are theoretical, meaning that existing theories seem incapable of explaining a certain observed phenomenon or experimental result.
This article is a list of notable unsolved problems in astronomy.Problems may be theoretical or experimental. Theoretical problems result from inability of current theories to explain observed phenomena or experimental results.
Chirality for a Dirac fermion ψ is defined through the operator γ 5, which has eigenvalues ±1; the eigenvalue's sign is equal to the particle's chirality: +1 for right-handed, −1 for left-handed. Any Dirac field can thus be projected into its left- or right-handed component by acting with the projection operators 1 / 2 (1 − γ 5 ...
Left-handed people have to struggle to find things that work for them or simply force themselves to adapt to the system that exists.That’s why one Redditor asked left-handers to reveal all of ...
The gauge field becomes an essential part of the description of a mathematical configuration. A configuration in which the gauge field can be eliminated by a gauge transformation has the property that its field strength (in mathematical language, its curvature) is zero everywhere; a gauge theory is not limited to these configurations. In other ...
An older study found that left-handed people were better at "divergent thinking", and a more recent research cites lefties have better working memories and mental flexibility. 5. Don't get too ...
The total Hamiltonian of an atom in a magnetic field is = +, where is the unperturbed Hamiltonian of the atom, and is the perturbation due to the magnetic field: =, where is the magnetic moment of the atom. The magnetic moment consists of the electronic and nuclear parts; however, the latter is many orders of magnitude smaller and will be ...