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Starting out as a seasonal settlement, Timbuktu was in the kingdom of Mali when it became a permanent settlement early in the 12th century. After a shift in trading routes, the town flourished from the trade in salt, gold, ivory and slaves from several towns and states such as Begho of Bonoman, Sijilmassa, and other Saharan cities. [1]
A Tuareg man near Timbuktu in Modern Mali. Though the Mali Empire was now in the hands of weak kings, it continued to exist well into the 15th century. Timbuktu was an important point of both trade and learning in Imperial Mali, so its loss to Tuareg Berbers in 1433 was a significant blow to the
After Europeans had settled in the Gulf of Guinea, the trans-Saharan slave trade became less important. [citation needed] Arabs were sometimes made into slaves in the trans-Saharan slave trade. [44] [45] In Mecca, Arab women were sold as slaves according to Ibn Butlan, and certain rulers in West Africa had slave girls of Arab origin.
The trading emporium of Jenné was subject to the Moroccan pashalik of Timbuktu, named for the city where the Moroccan expeditionary force governed from. [6] Previously, the pashalik had taken Jenné without a fight and preserved its king, Muhammad Kinba bin Isma’il on the throne under a Moroccan resident, [ 6 ] Governor Sayyid Mansur. [ 1 ]
Timbuktu has acquired a reputation in the Western world as an exotic, mysterious place, but the city was once a well known trade center and an academic hotspot of the medieval world. Timbuktu reached its golden period under the Mali Empire in the 13th and 14th centuries.
A manuscript page from Timbuktu showing a table of astronomical information. Timbuktu Manuscripts, or Tombouctou Manuscripts, is a blanket term for the large number of historically significant manuscripts that have been preserved for centuries in private households in Timbuktu, a city in northern Mali.
Timbuktu, Gao, and Djenne, key trading centres along these routes, flourished as hubs of commerce, culture, and learning, attracting scholars and traders from various parts of the world. The Indian Ocean trade network played an equally crucial role in the economic landscape of East Africa. This vast maritime network linked the East African ...