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The superior dental plexus is a nerve plexus that innervates the upper/maxillary teeth and as adjacent structures. [1] It is formed by the anterior superior alveolar nerve (ASAN), middle superior alveolar nerve (MSAN), and the posterior superior alveolar nerve (PSAN). [1] [2] [3] It issues dental branches and gingival branches. [4]
In neuroanatomy, the maxillary nerve (V 2) is one of the three branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve, the fifth (CN V) cranial nerve.It comprises the principal functions of sensation from the maxilla, nasal cavity, sinuses, the palate and subsequently that of the mid-face, [1] and is intermediate, both in position and size, between the ophthalmic nerve and the mandibular nerve.
The nerves exit the pterygopalatine fossa through the pterygomaxillary fissure.They pass within or upon the posterior wall of the maxilla. [1]: 496 They descend on the tuberosity of the maxilla and give off several twigs to the gums and neighboring parts of the mucous membrane of the cheek.
The maxillary second molar is the tooth located laterally from both the maxillary first molars of the mouth but mesially from both maxillary third molars. This is true only in permanent teeth. In deciduous teeth, the maxillary second molar is the last tooth in the mouth and does not have a third molar behind it.
It branches from the infraorbital nerve within the infraorbital canal [1] [2] at around the midpoint of this canal and enters the canalis sinuosus.It passes through towards the nose before passing inferior-ward and ramifying [2] into branches which innervate the upper/maxillary incisor and canine teeth; [1] [2] it usually innervates all the anterior teeth.
The mesial side of the maxillary central incisor shows the crown of the tooth as a triangle with the point at the incisal edge and the base at the cervix. [10] The root appears cone shaped with a blunt apex. Unlike most other teeth, a line drawn through the center of the incisal edge will also cross through the center of the root apex. [14]
The posterior superior alveolar nerve supplies the gingiva on the facial aspect of the maxillary molar teeth. The gingiva on the palatal aspect of the maxillary teeth is innervated by the greater palatine nerve apart from in the incisor region, where it is the nasopalatine nerve (long sphenopalatine nerve).
The greater palatine nerve carries both general sensory fibres from the maxillary nerve, and parasympathetic fibers from the nerve of the pterygoid canal.It supplies the gums, the mucous membrane and glands of the hard palate, and communicates in front with the terminal filaments of the nasopalatine nerve.