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Numerous experiments which were performed on human test subjects in the United States in the past are now considered to have been unethical, because they were performed without the knowledge or informed consent of the test subjects. [ 1 ] Such tests have been performed throughout American history, but have become significantly less frequent ...
Examples include American abuses during Project MKUltra and the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, and the mistreatment of indigenous populations in Canada and Australia. The Declaration of Helsinki , developed by the World Medical Association (WMA), is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics .
Nuremberg Code. The Nuremberg Code (German: Nürnberger Kodex) is a set of ethical research principles for human experimentation created by the court in U.S. v Brandt, one of the Subsequent Nuremberg trials that were held after the Second World War. Though it was articulated as part of the court's verdict in the trial, the Code would later ...
Jay Katz, The Regulation of Human Experimentation in the United States: A Personal Odyssey, IRB: Ethics and Human Research, Vol. 9, No. 1 (Jan. – Feb., 1987), pp. 1–6, JSTOR Eileen Welsome, The plutonium files: America's secret medical experiments in the Cold War , Dial Press, 1999, ISBN 0-385-31402-7
SPE has been referenced and critiqued as an example of an unethical psychology experiment, and the harm inflicted on the participants in this and other experiments during the post-World War II era prompted American universities to improve their ethical requirements and institutional review for human subject experiments in order to prevent them ...
The international Nuremberg Code of human experimentation ethics, which resulted from the trials, contained clauses directly violated by the Stateville experiments. The U.S. never formally ratified the code, however, calling into question the ethics of prisoner experimentation and the Stateville Penitentiary malaria experiments in particular. [4]
Henry Knowles Beecher (February 4, 1904 [1] – July 25, 1976 [2]) was a pioneering American anesthesiologist, medical ethicist, and investigator of the placebo effect at Harvard Medical School. An article by Beecher's in 1966 on unethical medical experimentation in the New England Journal of Medicine — "Ethics and Clinical Research" — was ...
The syphilis experiments in Guatemala were United States human experiments conducted in Guatemala from 1946 to 1948. The experiments were led by physician John Charles Cutler. They were done during the administration of American President Harry S. Truman and Guatemalan President Juan José Arévalo. [11]