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The proton–proton chain, also commonly referred to as the p–p chain, is one of two known sets of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium. It dominates in stars with masses less than or equal to that of the Sun, [2] whereas the CNO cycle, the other known reaction, is suggested by theoretical models to dominate in ...
The energy release rate is defined [3] as the instantaneous loss of total potential energy per unit crack growth area , where the total potential energy is written in terms of the total strain energy , surface traction , displacement , and body force by. The first integral is over the surface of the material, and the second is over its volume .
Rate equation. In chemistry, the rate equation (also known as the rate law or empirical differential rate equation) is an empirical differential mathematical expression for the reaction rate of a given reaction in terms of concentrations of chemical species and constant parameters (normally rate coefficients and partial orders of reaction) only ...
The power released by the reaction is approximately proportional to the temperature to the 40th power, and the density squared. [10] In contrast, the proton–proton chain reaction produces energy at a rate proportional to the fourth power of temperature, the CNO cycle at about the 17th power of the temperature, and both are linearly ...
A fusion energy gain factor, usually expressed with the symbol Q, is the ratio of fusion power produced in a nuclear fusion reactor to the power required to maintain the plasma in steady state. The condition of Q = 1, when the power being released by the fusion reactions is equal to the required heating power, is referred to as breakeven, or in ...
In energy storage and fuels. For energy storage, the energy density relates the stored energy to the volume of the storage equipment, e.g. the fuel tank. The higher the energy density of the fuel, the more energy may be stored or transported for the same amount of volume. The energy of a fuel per unit mass is called its specific energy.
tech: the power the Z machine reaches in 1 billionth of a second when it is fired [citation needed] 3 × 10 14: weather: Hurricane Katrina's rate of release of latent heat energy into the air. [48] 3 × 10 14: tech: power reached by the extremely high-power Hercules laser from the University of Michigan. [citation needed] 4.6 × 10 14
t. e. Power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. In the International System of Units, the unit of power is the watt, equal to one joule per second. Power is a scalar quantity. Specifying power in particular systems may require attention to other quantities; for example, the power involved in moving a ground vehicle ...