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TCP/IP defines the addresses 192.168.4.0 (network ID address) and 192.168.4.255 (broadcast IP address). The office's hosts send packets to addresses within this range directly, by resolving the destination IP address into a MAC address with the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) sequence and then encapsulates the IP packet into a MAC frame ...
It is a method of inter-VLAN routing where one router is connected to a switch via a single cable. The router has physical connections to the broadcast domains where one or more VLANs require the need for routing between them. Devices on separate VLANs or in a typical local area network are unable to communicate with each other.
For example, the sample diagram does not indicate the physical type of connection between the PCs and the switch, but since a modern LAN is depicted, Ethernet may be assumed. If the same style of line was used in a WAN (wide area network) diagram, however, it may indicate a different type of connection.
The most familiar type of IP routers are home and small office routers that forward IP packets between the home computers and the Internet. More sophisticated routers, such as enterprise routers, connect large business or ISP networks to powerful core routers that forward data at high speed along the optical fiber lines of the Internet backbone.
YIADDR (Your IP address: 0xC0A80164 or 192.168.1.100) 48 384 SIADDR (Server IP address: 0xC0A80101 or 192.168.1.1) 52 416 GIADDR (Gateway IP address: 0x00000000) 56 448 CHADDR (Client Hardware address: 0x00053C04 0x8D590000 0x00000000 0x00000000) 60 480 64 512 68 544 72 576 192 octets of 0s, or overflow space for additional options; BOOTP ...
An odd and an even port were reserved for each application layer application or protocol. The standardization of TCP and UDP reduced the need for the use of two simplex ports for each application down to one duplex port, [12]: 15 but the FTP protocol was never altered to only use one port, and continued using two for backwards compatibility.