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Saccharomyces cerevisiae (/ ˌ s ɛr ə ˈ v ɪ s i. iː /) (brewer's yeast or baker's yeast) is a species of yeast (single-celled fungal microorganisms). The species has been instrumental in winemaking , baking , and brewing since ancient times.
Sexual reproduction is well known in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, the life cycle involves alternation between a haploid and a diploid phase. The life cycle proceeds as follows: Two cells of different mating type fuse and the nuclei undergo karyogamy.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating with an a cell projecting a shmoo in response to α-factor. The mating of yeast, also known as yeast sexual reproduction, is a biological process that promotes genetic diversity and adaptation in yeast species.
Examples of heterothallism are included for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium marneffei and Neurospora crassa. The heterothallic life cycle of N. crassa is given in some detail, since similar life cycles are present in other heterothallic fungi.
Saccharomyces is a genus of fungi that includes many species of yeasts. Saccharomyces is from Greek σάκχαρον (sugar) and μύκης (fungus) and means sugar fungus.Many members of this genus are considered very important in food production where they are known as brewer's yeast, baker's yeast and sourdough starter among others.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, brewer's and baker's yeast, is in the phylum Ascomycota. During vegetative growth that ordinarily occurs when nutrients are abundant, S. cerevisiae reproduces by mitosis as either haploid or diploid cells.
By the late 18th century two yeast strains used in brewing had been identified: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (top-fermenting yeast) and S. pastorianus (bottom-fermenting yeast). S. cerevisiae has been sold commercially by the Dutch for bread-making since 1780; while, around 1800, the Germans started producing S. cerevisiae in the form
S. cerevisiae has approximately 5,600 open reading frames; S. pombe has approximately 5,070 open reading frames. Despite similar gene numbers, S. cerevisiae has only about 250 introns, while S. pombe has nearly 5,000. S. cerevisiae has 16 chromosomes, S. pombe has 3. S. cerevisiae is often diploid while S. pombe is usually haploid.