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Sp – symplectic group. Sp – trace of a matrix, from the German "spur" used for the trace. sp, span – linear span of a set of vectors. (Also written with angle brackets.) Spec – spectrum of a ring. Spin – spin group. sqrt – square root. s.t. – such that or so that or subject to. st – standard part function.
For example: "All humans are mortal, and Socrates is a human. ∴ Socrates is mortal." ∵ Abbreviation of "because" or "since". Placed between two assertions, it means that the first one is implied by the second one. For example: "11 is prime ∵ it has no positive integer factors other than itself and one." ∋ 1. Abbreviation of "such that".
Random variables are usually written in upper case Roman letters, such as or and so on. Random variables, in this context, usually refer to something in words, such as "the height of a subject" for a continuous variable, or "the number of cars in the school car park" for a discrete variable, or "the colour of the next bicycle" for a categorical variable.
Latin and Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.
velocity in terms of the speed of light c: unitless beta particle: gamma: Lorentz factor: unitless photon: gamma ray: shear strain: radian heat capacity ratio: unitless surface tension: newton per meter (N/m) delta: change in a variable (e.g. ) unitless Laplace operator: per square meter (m −2)
For example, the constant π may be defined as the ratio of the length of a circle's circumference to its diameter. The following list includes a decimal expansion and set containing each number, ordered by year of discovery. The column headings may be clicked to sort the table alphabetically, by decimal value, or by set.
A reference to a standard or choice-free presentation of some mathematical object (e.g., canonical map, canonical form, or canonical ordering). The same term can also be used more informally to refer to something "standard" or "classic". For example, one might say that Euclid's proof is the "canonical proof" of the infinitude of primes.
Relating to types; for example, "typically ambiguous" means "of ambiguous type". unit A unit class is one that contains exactly one element universal A universal class is one containing all members of some type vector 1. Essentially an injective function from a class to itself (for example, a vector in a vector space acting on an affine space) 2.