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The diagnosis of GERD is usually made when typical symptoms are present. [42] Reflux can be present in people without symptoms and the diagnosis requires both symptoms or complications and reflux of stomach content. [43] Other investigations may include esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Barium swallow X-rays should not be used for diagnosis. [42]
Symptoms include chest pain or pain that comes and goes, radiating to the jaw and either arm, fatigue, heart palpitations (myocarditis can cause heart arrhythmias), lightheadedness, shortness of ...
Heartburn can be caused by several conditions and a preliminary diagnosis of GERD is based on additional signs and symptoms. The chest pain caused by GERD has a distinct 'burning' sensation, occurs after eating or at night, and worsens when a person lies down or bends over. [25]
The diagnosis of microvascular angina (previously known as cardiac syndrome X – the rare coronary artery disease that is more common in females, as mentioned, is a diagnosis of exclusion. Therefore, usually, the same tests are used as in any person suspected of having coronary artery disease: [ 77 ]
These include chest pain described as "sharp" or "stabbing", chest pain that is positional or pleuritic in nature, and chest pain that can be reproduced with palpation. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] However, both atypical and typical symptoms of acute coronary syndrome can occur, and in general a history cannot be enough to rule out the diagnosis of acute ...
Also known as 'effort angina', this refers to the classic type of angina related to myocardial ischemia.A typical presentation of stable angina is that of chest discomfort and associated symptoms precipitated by some activity (running, walking, etc.) with minimal or non-existent symptoms at rest or after administration of sublingual nitroglycerin. [11]
A hiatal hernia or hiatus hernia [2] is a type of hernia in which abdominal organs (typically the stomach) slip through the diaphragm into the middle compartment of the chest. [1] [3] This may result in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) with symptoms such as a taste of acid in the back of the mouth or heartburn.
Differential diagnosis myocardial ischemia An anginal equivalent is a symptom such as shortness of breath ( dyspnea ), diaphoresis (sweating), extreme fatigue, or pain at a site other than the chest, occurring in a patient at high cardiac risk.