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Cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testis, is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. The word is from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kryptos) ' hidden ' and ὄρχις (orchis) ' testicle '. It is the most common birth defect of the male genital tract. [1]
Testicular cancer is when malignant cells grow in the tissues of the testicles. Males are at higher risk of testicular cancer between the age of 15-35 years old. Testicular cancer signs include swelling and fluid build up in the scrotum. Other signs can be pain, and any new lumps in the testicles. Testicular cancer is confirmed by CT scans or ...
Testicular cancer is highly treatable and usually curable. [5] Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or stem cell transplantation. [2] Even in cases in which cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate greater than 80%. [4] Globally testicular cancer affected about 686,000 people in 2015. [6]
The most common presentation of testicular cancer is a hard, painless lump which can be felt on one of the testis. It is either noticed by a clinician during a routine examination, or the patient themselves. Risk factors for TC include cryptorchidism, family history, and previous testicular cancer. A diagnosis is confirmed in various ways.
One testicle not descending into the scrotum during normal embryonic or fetal development (3–4% of 'normal' live births), also known as undescended testis or cryptorchidism. In this case the testis is within the abdominal cavity, somewhere along the normal route of descent – most commonly, within the inguinal canal. Such a testis has an ...
Lack of testicle development in men (size < 4 ml, whereas the normal range is between 12 and 25 ml). [2] Primary amenorrhoea (failure to start menstruation). [8] Poorly defined secondary sexual characteristics. [3] Micropenis in 5-10% of male cases. [2] Cryptorchidism (undescended testicles) at birth. [2] Low levels of the gonadotropins LH and ...
The three most statistically frequently occurring diseases of the prostate gland are benign hyperplasia (a swelling of the gland, not due to cancerous accumulation), prostatitis (inflammation), and cancer [6] (which is the accumulation of malignant cells in the gland).
Undescended testicles affect 1% of males and are 10% bilateral. The cause is unknown, with a small percentage associated with developmental abnormalities or chromosomal aberrations. [citation needed] Early orchiopexy reduces the risks for cancer and sterility in males with cryptorchidism, or undescended testes. [citation needed]