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The history of the arrival of Islam in Indonesia is somewhat unclear. [1] One theory states that Islam arrived directly from Arabia as early as the 9th century, during the time of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates. Another theory credits Sufi travelers for bringing Islam in the 12th or 13th century, either from Gujarat in India or from Persia. [2]
Indonesian traditional Quranic school. The spread of Islam in Indonesia was a slow, gradual and relatively peaceful process. One theory suggests it arrived directly from Arabia before the 9th century, while another credits Sufi merchants and preachers for bringing Islam to Indonesian islands in the 12th or 13th century either from Gujarat in India or directly from the Middle East. [4]
[14] But not all trade is allowed in Islam. The Qur'an prohibits gambling ( maisir , games of chance involving money). While the Quran does not specifically mention gharar (risk), several hadith prohibit selling products like "the birds in the sky or the fish in the water", "the catch of the diver", or an "unborn calf in its mother's womb". [ 15 ]
In 1998, Gereja Anglikan Indonesia (lit. Anglican Church of Indonesia) was founded to provide better services to native Indonesians. As of 2022, the congregation is present in Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Batam, Medan, Nunukan, Pontianak, Ambon, and Tarakan. [71]
It is the official religion in Malaysia and Brunei while it is one of the six recognised faiths in Indonesia. Islam in Southeast Asia is heterogeneous and is manifested in many different ways. In some places in Southeast Asia, Islam is adapted to coexist syncretically with already-existent local traditions. [17]
Ulama and kyais, mostly wealthy landowners of rural area, were authoritative figures in this system, and santri (students) learned Islam through taqlid (rote learning) and kitab kuning. Distinct characteristics of traditionalism are based on such syncretism and rural communal dynamics.
PT Perusahaan Rokok Tjap Gudang Garam Tbk (Republican spelling Indonesian for "Salt Warehouse brand Cigarette Company plc"), trading as PT Gudang Garam Tbk, is an Indonesian tobacco company, best known for its kretek (clove cigarette) products. It is Indonesia's largest tobacco manufacturer, with a market share of nearly 33%. [1]
The Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council (Indonesian: Dewan Da'wah Islamiyah Indonesia, abbreviated as DDII) is a Sunni Islamic organization in Indonesia which aimed at dawah (proselytizing). [1] The organization is considered one of the most prominent dawah organisations in modern Indonesia. [ 2 ]