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From the viewpoint of physics (dynamics, to be exact), a firearm, as for most weapons, is a system for delivering maximum destructive energy to the target with minimum delivery of energy on the shooter. [citation needed] The momentum delivered to the target, however, cannot be any more than that (due to recoil) on the shooter.
A gun is a normally tubular weapon or other device designed to discharge projectiles or other material. [20] The projectile may be solid, liquid, gas, or energy and may be free, as with bullets and artillery shells, or captive as with Taser probes and whaling harpoons .
The same physics principles affecting recoil in mounted guns also applies to hand-held guns. However, the shooter's body assumes the role of gun mount, and must similarly dissipate the gun's recoiling momentum over a longer period of time than the bullet travel-time in the barrel, in order not to injure the shooter.
The gun operated in two stages. First, burning gunpowder was used to drive a piston to pressurize hydrogen to 10,000 atm (1.0 GPa). The pressurized gas was then released to a secondary piston, which traveled forward into a shock-absorbing "pillow", transferring the energy from the piston to the projectile on the other side of the pillow.
Improvised firearm: A firearm manufactured by someone who is not a regular maker of firearms, often as part of an insurgency. Internal ballistics : A subfield of ballistics , that is the study of a projectile 's behavior from the time its propellant 's igniter is initiated until it exits the gun barrel .
Rifling of a 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7 tank gun Conventional rifling of a 90 mm M75 cannon (production year 1891, Austria-Hungary) Rifling in a GAU-8 autocannon. Rifling is the term for helical grooves machined into the internal surface of a firearms's barrel for imparting a spin to a projectile to improve its aerodynamic stability and accuracy.
A firearm, in many ways, is like a piston engine on the power stroke. There is a certain amount of high-pressure gas available, and energy is extracted from it by making the gas move a piston — in this case, the projectile is the piston.
The projectile path crosses the horizontal sighting plane two times. The point closest to the gun occurs while the bullet is climbing through the line of sight and is called the near zero. The second point occurs as the projectile is descending through the line of sight. It is called the far zero and defines the current sight in distance for ...