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Executive functions include basic cognitive processes such as attentional control, cognitive inhibition, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Higher-order executive functions require the simultaneous use of multiple basic executive functions and include planning and fluid intelligence (e.g., reasoning and problem-solving).
Baddeley and Hitch's model of working memory. In 1974 Baddeley and Hitch [11] introduced the multicomponent model of working memory.The theory proposed a model containing three components: the central executive, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad with the central executive functioning as a control center of sorts, directing info between the phonological and visuospatial ...
Understanding how memory functions in children and adolescents might lead to more effective teaching strategies in the classroom. Executive functioning skills are the cognitive skills a child or teenager can exert over other cognitive processes to direct attention and achieve goals. Working memory is one subset of executive functioning.
These elements are the central executive, phonological loop, and the visuo-spatial working memory. [10] Later Alan Baddeley added a fourth element to the working memory model called the episodic buffer. Together these ideas support the information processing theory and possibly explain how the mind processes information.
All components of working memory (e.g., executive functions, numerical, phonological and visuospatial storage) increase with age. [29] [35] However, the exact capacity of working memory varies greatly depending upon the nature of information. For example, in the spatial domain, they may vary from 3 units at the age of six to 5 units at the age ...
Working Memory: Ability to hold information when completing a task, when encoding information, or when generating goals/plans in a sequential manner. Plan/Organize: Ability to anticipate future events; to set goals; to develop steps; to grasp main ideas; to organize and understand the main points in written or verbal presentations.
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Executive functioning has long been considered as a domain general cognitive function, but there has been support for separation into "hot" affective aspects and "cold" cognitive aspects. [7] It is recognized that executive functioning spans across a number of cognitive tasks, including working memory , cognitive flexibility and reasoning in ...