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Pituitary tumors often encroach upon the middle chiasm from below. Pituitary apoplexy is one of the few acute chiasmal syndromes. It can lead to sudden visual loss as the hemorrhagic adenoma rapidly enlarges. The embryonic remnants of Rathke's pouch may undergo neoplastic change called a craniopharyngioma. These tumors may develop at any time ...
In this procedure, surgical instruments are passed through the nose towards the sphenoid bone, which is opened to give access to the cavity that contains the pituitary gland. [1] [4] Surgery is most likely to improve vision if there was some remaining vision before surgery, [4] and if surgery is undertaken within a week of the onset of symptoms ...
While headaches are a symptom common to any tumor within the cranium, vision problems are especially frequent in pituitary adenomas because the pituitary gland rests over the optic chiasm. As the tumor grows, it begins to compress one or both optic nerves, depending on the size and direction of growth. This is an example of mass effect. As such ...
One important variety of bilateral scotoma may occur when a pituitary tumour begins to compress the optic chiasm (as distinct from a single optic nerve) and produces a bitemporal paracentral scotoma, and later, when the tumor enlarges, the scotomas extend out to the periphery to cause the characteristic bitemporal hemianopsia.
The tumor normally results in acral enlargement, arthropathy, hyperhidrosis, changes in facial features, soft tissue swelling, headaches, visual changes, or hypopituitarism. Since pharmacological therapy has had little effect on these tumors, a trans-sphenoidal surgery to remove part of the pituitary gland is the first treatment option. [5]
Nelson's syndrome is a disorder that occurs in about one in four patients who have had both adrenal glands removed to treat Cushing's disease. [1] In patients with pre-existing adrenocorticotropic hormone ()-secreting pituitary adenomas, loss of adrenal feedback following bilateral adrenalectomy can trigger the rapid growth of the tumor, leading to visual symptoms (e.g. bitemporal hemianopsia ...
In cases of tumor-related hyperprolactinemia, prolactinoma is the most common culprit of consistently high levels of prolactin as well as the most common type of pituitary tumor. [2] For non-tumor related hyperprolactinemia, the most common cause is medication-induced prolactin secretion. [3]
Pituitary adenomas are tumors that occur in the pituitary gland. Most pituitary tumors are benign, approximately 35% are invasive and just 0.1% to 0.2% are carcinomas. [1] Pituitary adenomas represent from 10% to 25% of all intracranial neoplasms, with an estimated prevalence rate in the general population of approximately 17%. [1] [2]
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