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Also acid ionization constant or acidity constant. A quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution expressed as an equilibrium constant for a chemical dissociation reaction in the context of acid-base reactions. It is often given as its base-10 cologarithm, p K a. acid–base extraction A chemical reaction in which chemical species are separated from other acids and bases. acid ...
Farhang-e-Asifiya (Urdu: فرہنگ آصفیہ, lit. 'The Dictionary of Asif') is an Urdu-to-Urdu dictionary compiled by Syed Ahmad Dehlvi. [1] It has more than 60,000 entries in four volumes. [2] It was first published in January 1901 by Rifah-e-Aam Press in Lahore, present-day Pakistan. [3] [4]
Feroz-ul-Lughat Urdu Jamia (Urdu: فیروز الغات اردو جامع) is an Urdu-to-Urdu dictionary published by Ferozsons (Private) Limited. It was originally compiled by Maulvi Ferozeuddin in 1897. The dictionary contains about 100,000 ancient and popular words, compounds, derivatives, idioms, proverbs, and modern scientific, literary ...
The dictionary was edited by the honorary director general of the board Maulvi Abdul Haq who had already been working on an Urdu dictionary since the establishment of the Urdu Dictionary Board, Karachi, in 1958. [1] [2] [3] Urdu Lughat consists of 22 volumes. In 2019, the board prepared a short concise version of the dictionary in 2 volumes.
In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reactions regardless of the rest of the molecule's composition.
The invariance properties of molecular descriptors can be defined as the ability of the algorithm for their calculation to give a descriptor value that is independent of the particular characteristics of the molecular representation, such as atom numbering or labeling, spatial reference frame, molecular conformations, etc. Invariance to molecular numbering or labeling is assumed as a minimal ...
In organic chemistry, functionality is often used as a synonym for functional group. For example, a hydroxyl group can also be called a HO-function. [1] [2] Functionalisation means the introduction of functional groups, for example the functionalisation of a surface [3] (e.g. silanization for the specific modification of the adhesion of a surface)
In organic chemistry, umpolung (German: [ˈʔʊmˌpoːlʊŋ]) or polarity inversion is the chemical modification of a functional group with the aim of the reversal of polarity of that group. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This modification allows secondary reactions of this functional group that would otherwise not be possible. [ 3 ]