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Calcium channel blockers, also known as calcium channel antagonists, are widely used for a number of health conditions. [8] Thus they are commonly present in many people's homes. In young children one pill may cause serious health problems and potentially death. [8]
Side effects of these drugs may include but are not limited to: Constipation; Peripheral edema, which can occur in as much as 70% of people receiving calcium channel blocker, is caused by calcium channel blockers' preferential arteriolar or precapillary dilation without commensurate dilation in the venous or postcapillary circulation.
When given by injection, effects typically begin within a few minutes and last a few hours. [9] Common side effects include swelling, dizziness, headaches, and low blood pressure. [9] Other severe side effects include an overly slow heart beat, heart failure, liver problems, and allergic reactions. [9] Use is not recommended during pregnancy. [9]
The 8th Joint National Committee (JNC-8) recommends calcium channel blockers to be a first-line treatment either as monotherapy or in combination with thiazide-type diuretics, ACEis, or ARBs for all patients regardless of age or race. [7] The ratio of CCBs' anti-proteinuria effect, non-dihydropyridine to dihydropyridine was 30 to −2. [13]
Class IV agents are slow non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. They decrease conduction through the AV node, and shorten phase two (the plateau) of the cardiac action potential. They thus reduce the contractility of the heart, so may be inappropriate in heart failure.
Antihypertensive agents comprise multiple classes of compounds that are intended to manage hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy aims to maintain a blood pressure goal of <140/90 mmHg in all patients, as well as to prevent the progression or recurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in hypertensive patients with established CVD. [2]
Common side effects include swelling, feeling tired, abdominal pain, and nausea. [10] Serious side effects may include low blood pressure or heart attack. [10] Whether use is safe during pregnancy or breastfeeding is unclear. [2] [10] When used by people with liver problems, and in elderly individuals, doses should be reduced. [10]
Age ≥55 or black: CCB ADA 2018 [11] Diabetes Diabetes with CVD risk <140/90 <130/80 ACEI/ARB, thiazide-like diuretic, and/or dihydropyridine CCB ESC / ESH 2018 [12] General age <65 General age ≥65 <130/80 <140/80 Thiazide-type diuretic, ACEI/ARB, and/or CCB CAD: add beta-blocker Resistant hypertension: add spironolactone ACC / AHA 2017 [13 ...