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Additionally, with a stream of full-sized incoming segments, ACK responses should be sent for every second segment. RFC 1122 references RFC 813 of 1982 as the original description of delayed ACK. [1] Delayed ACKs can give the application the opportunity to update the TCP receive window and also possibly to send an immediate response along with ...
After receiving a valid frame, the receiver sends an ACK. If the ACK does not reach the sender before a certain time, known as the timeout, the sender sends the same frame again. The timeout countdown is reset after each frame transmission. The above behavior is a basic example of Stop-and-Wait.
If the sender does not receive an acknowledgment before the timeout, it re-transmits the message until it receives an acknowledgment or exceeds a predefined number of retransmissions. Variations of ARQ protocols include Stop-and-wait ARQ , Go-Back-N ARQ , and Selective Repeat ARQ .
ACK and NAK based methodologies are not the only protocol design paradigms. Some protocols such as the RC-5 , User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and X10 protocols perform blind transmission with no acknowledgement, often transmitting the same message multiple times in hopes that at least one copy of the message gets through.
RabbitMQ is an open-source message-broker software (sometimes called message-oriented middleware) that originally implemented the Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) and has since been extended with a plug-in architecture to support Streaming Text Oriented Messaging Protocol (STOMP), MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT), and other protocols.
AIMD requires a binary congestion signal. Most frequently, packet loss serves as the signal; the multiplicative decrease is triggered when a timeout or an acknowledgement message indicates a packet lost. It is also possible for in-network switches/routers to mark congestion (without discarding packets) as in Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN).
In TCP, the congestion window (CWND) is one of the factors that determines the number of bytes that can be sent out at any time. The congestion window is maintained by the sender and is a means of preventing a link between the sender and the receiver from becoming overloaded with too much traffic.
Since TCP keepalive is optional, various protocols (e.g. SMB [5] and TLS [6]) implement their own keep-alive feature on top of TCP.It is also common for protocols which maintain a session over a connectionless protocol, e.g. OpenVPN over UDP, [7] to implement their own keep-alive.